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Although many indigenous nations practiced this form of government, it is best documented for the Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the Haudenosaunee) which stretched from modern-day Canada down through North Carolina. The tribes once fought each other in near-constant wars over food and water supplies until the arrival of the Great Peacemaker, Dekanawida, who inspired his two best-known disciples – Hiawatha and, later, Tadodaho – to spread the message of peace and power through unity. The Virginia House of Burgesses became the first general assembly of the commonwealth when the United States declared its independence from England in 1776. One of the first legislation passed by this general assembly was religious equality and the disownment of the Church of England in Virginia.
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Like the British House of Commons, the House of Burgesses granted supplies and originated laws, and the governor and council enjoyed the right of revision and veto as did the king and the House of Lords in England. The Virginia Company was dissolved in 1624 CE, and the English government took direct control of the North American colonies. The House of Burgesses, however, continued to meet and pass legislation in accordance with the policies of the English government. In 1634 CE the assembly divided the ever-expanding colony into counties and reorganized representation, and the assembly was changed to a bicameral body in 1642 CE of the House of Burgesses and the Council of State. In 1676 CE, during Bacon’s Rebellion, Jamestown was burned and the government moved to the area of Middle Plantation, later known as Williamsburg. "(Burgess)" is used in many titles of linked articles or planned articles below to distinguish members of the Virginia House of Burgesses from other persons with the same name.
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The twenty-two men met from July 30 to August 4 in unicameral session with Yeardley, the six-man governor’s Council, and the secretary and treasurer of the colony. A new governor, Sir George Yeardley, was appointed to represent the Virginia Company in April 1619. He preceded over the selection of ‘burgesses’ or ‘representatives’ from each of the 11 settlements. He also appointed six key members as council, and the other 15 members were elected by the people of Virginia. 22 representatives from the 11 Jamestown ‘boroughs’ were elected, and Master John Pory was the first assembly speaker.
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Which done he read unto them the commission for establishing the Counsell of Estate and the general Assembly, wherein their duties were described to the life ... And forasmuch as our intente is to establish one equall and uniforme kinde of government over all Virginia &c. The House of Burgesses met for the first time on July 30, 1619, in the wooden church at Jamestown. You either adore or despise a ranch-style house, and designer Marie Burgos falls firmly into the former category. “I love the fact that everything is very elongated and you have a public side of the home with the kitchen and dining room and bedrooms on the other end,” says Burgos.
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Henry also argued any attempts by the British government to tax Virginians without their consent was an attack on their rights. The resolutions were passed by the House of Burgesses and published throughout the American Colonies. The Virginia Company was a joint-stock company, responsible for founding Virginia Colony in 1607, starting with the establishment of Jamestown. One of the founding members of the Virginia Company, Edwin Sandys, helped write a new charter for Virginia, known as the “The Great Charter,” which ordered Yeardley to establish a General Assembly, elected by the people of Virginia. It was never officially adjourned and became the General Assembly consisting of the House of Delegates and the Senate of the Commonwealth of Virginia, declaring its independence from Britain.
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As the American Revolution intensified, it played a critical role in events, adopting the Virginia Stamp Resolves and organizing the permanent Committees of Correspondence. Some of the most important Founding Fathers, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry served as Burgesses. The assembly was dissolved in 1776 when Virginia declared independence and created a state constitution. The House of Burgess and joint assembly of the colonial governor and his council faced challenges throughout the years. When King James I revoked the charter of the Virginia Company in 1625, Virginia became a royal colony. Charles I officially recognized the powers of the assembly in his appointment of Sir Francis Wyatt as colonial governor in 1639.
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The English kings who ruled the 13 original colonies reserved the right to decide the fate of their colonies as well, but not alone. The colonists drew upon their claims to traditional English rights and insisted on raising their own representative assemblies. Such was the case with the Virginia House of Burgesses, the first popularly elected legislative body in the New World. For reasons that are not known, he did not call for another general election until the spring of 1676. This group of legislators sat for seventeen annual sessions between March 1661 and May 1676, earning them the nickname the Long Assembly (a reference to the Long Parliament of Charles I).
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It was the first elected representative government in Colonial America and served as a model for other colonies in establishing their own representative assemblies. It also provided a means for Virginia colonists to have a voice in their own governance. The Virginia Constitution created a new general assembly known as the House of Delegates, this was a new name for the House of Burgesses. Landowners continued to elect their representatives―2 from each county, and 1 from the city. Due to these liberal measures and the policies of the legislative assembly, the popularity of governor Sir George Yeardley rose among the colonists, and he served as Virginia governor for two more terms. The Great Charter suspended the military government and replaced it with a monarch-approved governor and advisory council and authorized the governor to summon a General Assembly to create laws.
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King James I, a believer in the divine right of monarchs, attempted to dissolve the assembly, but the Virginians would have none of it. In New France and New Spain, all authority flowed from the Crown to the settlers, with no input from below. Although many differences separated Spain and France from England, perhaps the factor that contributed most to distinct paths of colonization was the form of their government. American History Central (AHC) is the most widely-read independent encyclopedia dedicated to the history of the United States.
In 1769, George Washington protested against the British policy of ‘taxation without representation’, George Mason’s resolutions drafted against the Townshend Acts of 1767 objected to ship colonial political demonstrators to England for trial. On May 10, 1773, the Tea Act was passed which invited the fury of the colonists, and there were major protests. The House adjourned on June 24 and never again achieved a quorum (enough members to conduct business). While Washington commanded the continental army in New York, about four hundred miles south in Williamsburg, the end of the House of Burgesses signaled the end of British political rule in Virginia. During his tenure, Washington was not an outspoken burgess, nor did he introduce expansive or innovative legislation.
Votes were cast viva voce, or by voice, the voters standing in front of the crowd to say the name of their chosen candidates out loud to be recorded by the sheriff. Sometimes raucous events, election days often found voters plied with alcoholic beverages and food by candidates. Washington, in fact, paid for food and drinks to be provided for voters during at least some of his winning elections. In May 1776 the House of Burgesses ceased to meet, and the Virginia Constitution of 1776 created a new General Assembly composed of an elected Senate and an elected House of Delegates. Landowners continued to elect representatives to the House of Delegates, two from each county and one from each city.
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